Pigeonpea cyst nematode - Heterodera cajani
Effective: August 18, 2010 - December 31, 2020
Taxonomic Position: Tylenchida : Heteroderidae
Pest Type: Nematodes
Pest Code (NAPIS): NEFBCBL
This pest is a member of the following surveys: Cyst Nematode
These Approved Methods are appropriate for: 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011
Pest Information
CAPS Pest Datasheet: https://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3041
Pest Tracker: https://pesttracker.org/pest/NEFBCBL
Pest is vectored by:
This pest is is not known to be a vector and it is not vectored by any organism.
Survey
Approved Method(s)
| Method | Detail | NAPIS Survey Method |
|---|---|---|
| Soil Sample | Send sample to nematology diagnostic lab where nematodes will be extracted and identified (preferred method) | 3012 - General Soil Sample |
| Tissue Sample | Send sample to nematology diagnostic lab where nematodes will be extracted and identified. | 3011 - General Tissue Sample |
Method Notes:
Laboratory methods that are acceptable for cyst extraction include sugar centrifugation, USDA cyst extractor, Fenwick can sieving, wet sieving, and elutriation.
Survey Recommendations
The following are recommendations for executing the survey using the approved methods for pest surveillance. The recommendations are developed through literature review and consultation with subject matter experts.
Signs:
The disease is recognized by the presence of pearly white, lemon-shaped females on roots or brown cysts in the soil.
Symptoms:
A reduction in height and vigor of the infected plants can be discerned by careful comparison with healthy plants. Stunting, reduced leaf lamina size, and yellowing on cotyledonary leaves may or may not be readily visible. Flowers and pods are reduced in size and number, and the root system may also be poorly developed.
Key Diagnostic or Identification
Approved Method(s)
ID/Diagnostic:
Morphological: Characteristics of second-stage juveniles, males, females, and cysts.
Mulvey (1972) provides a key to 39 species of Heterodera, including H. cajani, based on characteristics of cysts.
Sharma and Swarup (1983) provide morphological keys, based on cyst, cone top structures, and second-stage larvae, to cyst nematode species occurring in India, including H. cajani.
Mulvey (1972) provides a key to 39 species of Heterodera, including H. cajani, based on characteristics of cysts.
Sharma and Swarup (1983) provide morphological keys, based on cyst, cone top structures, and second-stage larvae, to cyst nematode species occurring in India, including H. cajani.
Mistaken Identities:
Heterodera cajani resembles species in the schachtii group, including H. trifolii, H. glycines, H. sacchari, H. schactii, H. mothi, H. galeopsidis, and H. lespedezae.
Characteristics of the second-stage juveniles, cyst size, and vulval cone characteristics are useful to separate H. cajani from H. trifolii, H. glycines, H. sacchari, H. schactii, and H. mothi. The presence of males and host range separate H. cajani from H. galeopsidis, and H. lespedezae, respectively.
Characteristics of the second-stage juveniles, cyst size, and vulval cone characteristics are useful to separate H. cajani from H. trifolii, H. glycines, H. sacchari, H. schactii, and H. mothi. The presence of males and host range separate H. cajani from H. galeopsidis, and H. lespedezae, respectively.
In Progress / Literature-based Diagnostics:
Biochemical: Singh et. al. (1998) used the isozyme patterns of esterases and malate dehydrogenase to separate two races of H. cajani and three races of H. zeae.
Molecular: Heterodera species can be identified by sequencing the ITS-rRNA genes and by PCR-RFLP profiles; these tools remain the best available for identifying cyst-forming nematodes (Waeyenberge et al., 2009; Subbotin et al., 2010).
Molecular: Heterodera species can be identified by sequencing the ITS-rRNA genes and by PCR-RFLP profiles; these tools remain the best available for identifying cyst-forming nematodes (Waeyenberge et al., 2009; Subbotin et al., 2010).
Notes:
The wide host range among leguminous crops and the ability of this pest to become established in tropical and subtropical areas, makes this nematode a dangerous species.
This nematode can be introduced with legumes, plant debris, and soil contaminated with cysts.
This nematode can be introduced with legumes, plant debris, and soil contaminated with cysts.
References
- Mulvey, R.H. 1972. Identification of Heterodera cysts by terminal and cone top structures. Canadian Journal of Zoology 50: 1277-1292.
- Sharma, S.B., and Swarup, G. 1983. Identification scheme for Heterodera species in India. Indian Journal of Nematology 13(2): 171-180.
- Singh, S., Kumar, S., Bajaj, H.K., and Ganguly, A.K. 1998. Esterase and malate dehydrogenase patterns of races of Heterodera cajani and H. zeae. Indian Journal of Nematology 28(2): 105-109.
- Subbotin, S.A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., and Baldwin, J.G. 2010. Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderinae). Nematology Monograph and Perspectives Volume 8A. Brill, Leiden-Boston, 351 pp.
- Waeyenberge L, Viaene N, Subbotin S.A., and Moens, M. 2009. Molecular identification of Heterodera spp., an overview of fifteen years of research. In ‘Cereal cyst nematodes: status, research and outlook.’ (Eds I.T. Riley, J.M. Nicol, A.A .Dababat) pp. 109-114 (CIMMYT: Ankara, Turkey).
If you are unable to find a reference, contact STCAPS@usda.gov. See the CAPS Pest Datasheet for all references.