Not known to transmit any human or animal pathogens.

Not known to vector any pathogens or other associated organisms.

Traps should hang from host trees approximately 5.3 ft. above the ground on the eastern half of the tree canopy and at one-third distance from the canopy periphery to the trunk. When trapping for more than one species of moth, separate traps for different moth species by at least 65 ft.

The lure should be replaced every 4 weeks and traps should be monitored every week.

Attaching lures to traps

IMPORTANT: Do not include lures for other target species in the trap when surveying for this target.

The composition of the Grapholita funebrana lure is similar to the blend composition described in Guerin et al. (1986). The first four compounds were identified in the proportions 100:1:30:5 in female sex gland extracts of Grapholita funebrana. The pheromone has Z8-12Ac ("Funemone") and E8-12Ac as major components and has been slightly modified by replacing Z8-12:OH with 14:AC in the blend, with 14:Ac contributing to the specificity of the lure.

There are no typical signs of adult moths, which are the target for the survey. However, while placing traps in stonefruit orchards, surveyors may observe the signs of larval infestation on fruit. Larvae bore into fruits leaving entrance holes sealed with fruit skin tissue and excrement bound together with silk. Larval feeding also causes "gummosis" (fluid exuding from the entrance hole) (See CAPS datasheet for images). Early season infestations may cause a bluish discoloration on fruits and fruit drop. In the latter part of the season, when fruits are fully-grown, infested fruits tend to ripen prematurely. Internal signs of infestation in fruit include finding the caterpillar and tunnels filled with frass.

A Likelihood of Establishment Map is now available. This survey should only be considered in the states with appropriate conditions and suitable hosts for this insect. The map was produced by the SAFARIS Team. SAFARIS is a modeling framework that enables PPQ to quickly respond to emergencies, efficiently survey for pests, and assess potential pest impacts by collecting critical geospatial data and developing predictive models. SAFARIS is developed and maintained by the NC State University, Center for Integrated Pest Management (CIPM) with support from PPQ PPRA.

Adults begin to appear at the start of spring and can be seen through mid-fall in temperate areas. Since the number of generations vary based on weather (mainly temperature), traps can be set when hosts begin to fruit. Flight activity reaches its peak 12-15 days after the appearance of the first moths, typically when the temperature is between 64 and 71°F. To fully develop from egg to adult requires 420 degree-days (i.e., a measure of physiological time through a combination of time and temperature). In Czechia, the first captures in pheromone traps in the summer occur at 290 degree-days, while in Switzerland, the flight of the second generation begins at 450 degree-days.

Monitoring with sex pheromones along the edges of fields, rather than in the center, is recommended.

Survey for G. funebrana in stone fruit orchards, including plum, apricot, cherry, and peach. Survey efforts can also be conducted in non-cultivated areas where blackthorn and cherry plum are common.

Trapped moths should be removed weekly and sticky liners renewed. See the Sample Submission Guide for Lepidoptera for more information.

A Grapholita spp. Identification Aid can be found on the CAPS Screening Aids site. More Grapholita and Tortricid resources can be founding by searching the IDaids site.

Adults of Grapholita funebrana are similar to those of G. molesta and G. tenebrosana. The most reliable method of distinguishing G. funebrana from other easily mistaken species is by examining the genitalia. Genitalia illustrations for these species can be found in Razowski (2003) and Gilligan and Epstein (2014). Grapholita molesta is common throughout the United States. It is morphologically very similar to G. funebrana, and the two species share some of the same host plants (e.g., Prunus spp.). Grapholita molesta prefers apple and peach, while G. funebrana prefers plum. Further, the two species are attracted to the same female sex pheromone. Two characteristics can be used to distinguish these two species: (1) the arrangement of the muscle origins within the dorsal group of hairs ("setae") on the abdominal segments, and (2) the hairs dorsal to the claws on the thoracic legs (Baker, 1963). Grapholita tenebrosana is distributed across Europe to Asia and Siberia and is not known to occur in North America. It can be distinguished from G. funebrana by the dark-brown segmented appendages on the lower lip (labial palpi) and the front of the head (frons), and the whitish freckle in the distal (portion farthest from the body) and medio-dorsal areas of the forewing in G. funebrana.