Golden nematode - Globodera rostochiensis
Effective: August 18, 2010
Taxonomic Position: Tylenchida : Heteroderidae
Pest Type: Nematodes
Pest Code (NAPIS): NEFBBBA
This pest is a member of the following surveys: Cyst Nematode, Solanaceous Hosts
These Approved Methods are appropriate for: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011
Pest Information
CAPS Pest Datasheet: https://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/2334
Pest Tracker: https://pesttracker.org/pest/NEFBBBA
Hosts Identified in the CAPS Host Matrix:
Potato
Pest is vectored by:
This pest is is not known to be a vector and it is not vectored by any organism.
Survey
Approved Method(s)
| Method | Detail | NAPIS Survey Method |
|---|---|---|
| Soil Sample | Send sample to nematology diagnostic lab where nematodes will be extracted and identified (preferred method). | 3012 - General Soil Sample |
| Tissue Sample | Send sample to nematology diagnostic lab where nematodes will be extracted and identified. | 3011 - General Tissue Sample |
Method Notes:
Laboratory methods that are acceptable for cyst extraction include sugar centrifugation, USDA cyst extractor, Fenwick can sieving, wet sieving, and elutriation.
Survey Recommendations
The following are recommendations for executing the survey using the approved methods for pest surveillance. The recommendations are developed through literature review and consultation with subject matter experts.
Signs:
Mature females and cysts are just visible to the naked eye and can be seen as minute yellow globes on the root surface.
At the appropriate stage of development, females change from white to yellow in G. rostochiensis (compare to G. pallida).
At the appropriate stage of development, females change from white to yellow in G. rostochiensis (compare to G. pallida).
Symptoms:
Patches of poor growth, chlorosis, and wilting with poor top growth may be seen. Affected plants suffer yield loss, and tubers are smaller.
Key Diagnostic or Identification
Approved Method(s)
ID/Diagnostic:
Morphological: Characteristics of second-stage juveniles, females, and cysts (Baldwin and Mundo-Ocampo, 1991).
Molecular: Immunological, protein, and DNA-based techniques are available. RAPD and RFLP analyses are also available.
There are PPQ CPHST-validated conventional PCR (Skantar et al., 2007) and real-time PCR methods to detect G. pallida, G. rostochiensis, and G. tabacum (Nakhla et al., 2008).
A real-time PCR has been developed by Nakhla et al. (2010), that shortens the time needed. A validated work instruction is available.
Molecular: Immunological, protein, and DNA-based techniques are available. RAPD and RFLP analyses are also available.
There are PPQ CPHST-validated conventional PCR (Skantar et al., 2007) and real-time PCR methods to detect G. pallida, G. rostochiensis, and G. tabacum (Nakhla et al., 2008).
A real-time PCR has been developed by Nakhla et al. (2010), that shortens the time needed. A validated work instruction is available.
Mistaken Identities:
Other Globodera species, particularly Globodera pallida and G. tabacum.
In Progress / Literature-based Diagnostics:
A multiplex PCR was developed to distinguish G. pallida and G. rostochiensis (Pylypenko et al., 2005).
Madani et al. (2008) developed a multiplex real-time PCR that can distinguish G. pallida, G. rostochiensis, and G. tabacum.
A real-time PCR method has been developed for G. rostochiensis (Toyota et al., 2008).
Madani et al. (2008) developed a multiplex real-time PCR that can distinguish G. pallida, G. rostochiensis, and G. tabacum.
A real-time PCR method has been developed for G. rostochiensis (Toyota et al., 2008).
Notes:
All three species of Globodera (pallida, rostochiensis, and tabacum) occur in the United States. G. rostochiensis is present in New York.
Protocols for processing soil samples for PCN are available.
The golden nematode program manual is available.
Contact Ashlee Barth for the most up-to-date work instructions.
Protocols for processing soil samples for PCN are available.
The golden nematode program manual is available.
Contact Ashlee Barth for the most up-to-date work instructions.
References
- Alenda, C., Gallot-Legrand, A., Fouville, D., and Grenier, E. 2013. Sequence polymorphism of nematode effectors highlights molecular differences among the subspecies of the tobacco cyst nematode complex. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 84 (1): 107-114.
- Baldwin, J.G., and Mundo-Ocampo, M. 1991. Heteroderinae, cyst- and non-cyst forming nematodes. In: Manual of Agricultural Nematology. W.R. Nickle (ed). Pp. 275-362. New York: Marcel Dekker.
- Chronis, D., Chen, S., Skantar, A.M., Zasada, I.A., and Wang, X. 2014. A new chorismate mutase gene identified from Globodera ellingtonae and its utility as a molecular diagnostic marker. European Journal of Plant Pathology 139 (2): pp. 239-246.
- Douda, O., Zouhar, M., Renčo, M., and Marek, M. 2014. Molecular and morphological exploration of a mixed population of two potato-parasiting nematode species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida Helminthologia (Poland) 51 (1): 3-6.
- Madani, M., Ward, L. J., and De Boer, S. H. 2008. Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for identifying potato cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis, and the tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 30: 554-564.
- Nakhla, M.K., Owens, K.J., Li, W., Carta, L., Skantar, A., and Levy, L. 2008. Development of real-time PCR for the detection and identification of potato cyst nematode. Abstr. Phytopathology 98(6): S111.
- Nakhla, M.K., Owens, K.J., Li, W., Wei, G., Skantar, A.M, and Levy, L. 2010. Multiplex real-time PCR assays for the identification of the potato cyst and tobacco cyst nematodes. Plant Disease 94: 959-965.
- Papayiannis, L.C., Christoforou, M., Markou, Y.M., and Tsaltas, D. 2013. Molecular typing of cyst-forming nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis, using real-time PCR and evaluation of five methods for template preparation. Journal of Phytopathology 161 (7-8): 459-469.
- Pylypenko, L.A., Uehara, T., Phillips, M.S., Sigareva, D.D., and Blok, V.C. 2005. Identification of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida in the Ukraine by PCR. European Journal of Plant Pathology 111: 39-46.
- Skantar, A. M., Handoo, Z.A., Carta, L.K., and Chitwood, D.J. 2007. Morphological and molecular identification of Globodera pallida associated with potato in Idaho. Journal of Nematology 39(2): 133-144.
- Subbotin, S.A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., and Baldwin, J.G. 2010. Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderinae). Nematology Monograph and Perspectives Volume 8A. Brill, Leiden-Boston, 351 pp.
- Tanha Maafi, Z., Subbotin, S.A., and Moens, M. 2003. Molecular identification of cyst-forming nematodes (Heteroderidae) from Iran and a phylogeny based on ITS-rDNA sequences. Nematology 5(1): 99-111.
- Toyota, K., Shirakashi, T., Sato, E., Wada, S., and Min, Y.Y. 2008. Development of real-time PCR method for the potato-cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 54: 72-76.
- Van de Vossenberg, B.T.L.H., Voogd, J.G.B., Westenberg, M., and Karssen, G. . 2014. Comparison of three conventional PCR test (Bulman & Marshall, 1997) versions for the molecular identification of Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis cysts and juveniles. EPPO Bulletin 44 (1): 27-33.
- Yu, H., Chronis, D., Lu, S., and Wang, X. 2011. Chorismate mutase: An alternatively spliced parasitism gene and a diagnostic marker for three important Globodera nematode species. European Journal of Plant Pathology 129 (1): 89-102.
If you are unable to find a reference, contact STCAPS@usda.gov. See the CAPS Pest Datasheet for all references.